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The Impact of the Natural, Social, Built, and Policy Environments on Breast Cancer. A summary of ecological studies published before 1975 showed a positive correlation between international age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates and the estimated per capita consumption of dietary fat. Oral and intravenous bisphosphonates for the treatment of hypercalcemia and osteoporosis have been studied for a possible beneficial effect on breast cancer prevention. Based on solid evidence, combination hormone therapy (HT) (estrogen-progestin) is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. [1] Breast cancer Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR, et al.  | 
Schwingshackl L, et al. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, et al. Lancet 361 (9354): 296-300, 2003.

The circumstances of the study make it difficult to determine the statistical significance of these differences. [84] (Refer to the PDQ summary on Genetics of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers for more information.) Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer- systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies.

Change in Body Mass Index After Breast Reconstruction and Associated Complications. Although not statistically significant, the RR estimate is consistent with the much larger Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), also published in 2002. The WHO Global Database on Body Mass Index (BMI). It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. : Conjugated equine estrogens and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. physical activity and breast cancer risk have shown an inverse relationship. [61], Women treated for Hodgkin lymphoma with mantle radiation by age 16 years have a subsequent risk up to 35% of

Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Olsen JH, et al. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. JAMA 288 (3): 321-33, 2002. Arimidex, tamoxifen alone or in combination: Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial.

effect on breast cancer incidence was a secondary endpoint. : Prospects of chemoprevention of human cancers with the synthetic retinoid fenretinide. (2010). Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Rommens JM, et al. Cancer Causes Control 13 (8): 741-51, 2002. : Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. Breast Cancer Res Treat 65 (2): 125-34, 2001.

The incidence of invasive breast cancer was numerically, but not statistically lower in the intervention group, with an HR of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83–1.01). Based on solid evidence, women who have undergone hysterectomy and who are taking postmenopausal estrogen have an increased risk of stroke and total cardiovascular disease.

Magnitude of Effect: The RR for women consuming approximately four alcoholic drinks per day compared with nondrinkers is 1.32 (95% CI, 1.19–1.45). Lancet 356 (9233): 881-7, 2000. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237811. None of these primary prevention trials was designed to detect differences in breast cancer mortality. Dietary fiber and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. : The NSABP breast cancer prevention trial (BCPT): a progress report. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov. Am J Clin Nutr. Adherence for Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. American Cancer Society.

Comparing women weighing more than 82.2 kg with those weighing less than 58.7 kg, the RR was 2.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.81–4.49). Veronesi U, De Palo G, Marubini E, et al. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. Br J Cancer 102 (5): 799-802, 2010. N Engl J Med 315 (13): 810-5, 1986.

Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM: Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis treatment are associated with reduced breast cancer risk. The New England Journal of Medicine. JAMA 289 (24): 3254-63, 2003. : Mammographic density: a heritable risk factor for breast cancer. Reduction of Advanced Breast Cancer Stages at Subsequent Participation in Mammography Screening. I should not forgive that. This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about breast cancer prevention. 2020 Jul 31;11:779. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00779. : Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Ann Intern Med 170 (1): 22-30, 2019. Cuzick J, Powles T, Veronesi U, et al. : Risk factors for breast cancer from benign breast disease in a diverse population. Triple-negative breast cancer in Peru: 2000 patients and 15 years of experience. [80] A reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries of 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 controls revealed that breast cancer incidence was lower in parous women who had ever breast-fed than in parous women who had not. cancer—have not been addressed. It is likely that reproductive risk factors interact with predisposing genotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20 (5): 733-9, 2011.

In these studies, most patients (85%–100%) who developed Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. What goes up does not always come down: patterns of distress, physical and psychosocial morbidity in people with cancer over a one year period. J Clin Oncol 14 (1): 78-84, 1996. Risk is higher for the young, especially around puberty. 2012; 16(6): 576–581. Am Psychol. [74] Compared with the RR of breast cancer for women who reported no alcohol consumption, the RR of breast cancer was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.19–1.45; P < .001) for women consuming 35 g to 44 g of alcohol per day and 1.46 (95% CI, 1.33–1.61; P < .001) for those consuming at least 45 g of alcohol per day. Int J Cancer 110 (3): 443-8, 2004. All rights reserved. [cited 2015 November 8]. American Cancer Society. Lancet 359 (9324): 2131-9, 2002. : Breast cancer incidence rates in U.S. women are no longer declining. Eur J Cancer Prev 12 (6): 479-85, 2003. Leśniczak B, Krasomski G, Oszukowski P, Stetkiewicz T, Woźniak P. Incidence of and mortality from breast cancer among women in Poland in the years 2001–2010. If you would like to reproduce some or all of this content, see Reuse of NCI Information for guidance about copyright and permissions. Menopausal hormone therapy and cancer risk. Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. With a median follow-up of 34.8 months, 1,030 of the women developed invasive breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet 72 (5): 1117-30, 2003. Akhtari-Zavare M, Latiff LA, Juni MH, Said SM, Ismail IZ. Women aged 50 to 79 years (N = 10,739) were randomly assigned to receive conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) or placebo. Behaviour modification, as well as greater awareness among women regarding breast cancer, may significantly contribute towards reducing the incidence of this cancer.