Not everyone could cope with the severe demands.

It brought about not only changes in technology, but also changes in the social structures of societies, manufacturing, transport and agriculture. London was the centre of this early trade.In 1698 the monopoly on trade with Africa was abolished, opening up the valuable opportunity to merchants from other ports such as Bristol and Liverpool. The tendency in diamond mining is to combine with smaller groups to form larger ones. The Boers and the British were antagonistic and hostile to each other; each colony did not wish the other to take control of such a rich resource. Brought to the British colony of Natal in1860 as indentured labourers, coolies, on five-year contracts, Indians came to work mainly on sugar plantations where they lived under very harsh and cruel conditions. It was the result of the changes in economic and social organization that began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized mainly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments. 23.1.pdf: File Size: 245 kb: File Type: pdf: Download File. The plantation owners demanded long hours of work in the oppressive humid climate of Natal. 14 Jarrett - The Age of Democratic Revolution Voc. Retaliation against anyone involved in the complaint process is a violation of District Policy and is prohibited. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, specialised machinery, factories and mass production. Their earnings as indentured labourers were considerably higher than they could earn in India. Chair, Bickerton, Barton - World History - Head Baseball, Brisnahan, Mary Jo - CTE FCS-Department Chair, Culberson-Espinosa, Angie - Science & Dept. The indentured labourers were given a monthly stipend of two British pounds. The Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, and it was a period during which mainly agrarian/ rural societies in Britain became industrial and urban. Diamond Mining in South Africa Image source. Boys as young as four would work for a master sweep who would send them up the narrow chimneys of British homes to scrape the soot off the sides. Union organizing and child labour reform were often intertwined, and common initiatives were conducted by organizations led by working women and middle class consumers, such as state Consumers’ Leagues and Working Women’s Societies. Chapter 7 Classical East (India & China) Chapter 8. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The industrial Revolution has shaped the societies we live in today and more so in Britain and in Southern Africa. Due to the relatively low quality of the ore, it required a lot of digging required to produce acceptable amounts of gold, and that could only be accomplished by using costly heavy machinery. Rhodes, sensing he had ventured into an untapped market, bought up diamond fields, including one owned by two brothers named "de Beer." Chapter 5. Indentured Labourers working at a sugar estate in South Africa. UNIT 1. As Griqualand West bordered Transvaal and the Cape Colony, both colonies would claim an interest. He would then distribute the raw materials among several farming households to be made into cloth. For thousands of years following the rise of civilization, most people lived and worked in small farming villages. Grade 8 - Term 1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain and Southern Africa from 1860.

Diamond and, in particular, gold mining industries required an enormous amount of inexpensive labour in order to be profitable. In the new industrial cities, African workers were subjected to a bewildering array of discriminatory laws and practices, all enforced in order to keep workers cheap and pliable. In the early 1870s rich diamond mines were discovered. To induce the coolies into second terms, the colonial government of Natal promised grants of land on expiry of contracts. By the time they reached the age of twenty-one, most could start their own business because they had become highly skilled masters. Traditionally, the Zulu males were involved in grazing cattle and defending the tribe against foreign attack. Diamond Mining in Kimberley from 1867 onwards. The infamous chimney sweeps, however, had apprenticeships considered especially harmful and exploitative. Then a chain of events set in motion in the mid 1700s changed that way of life. Harsh punishment was meted out on labourers who could not keep up with the heavy workload. Industrialization resulted in an increase in population and the occurrence of urbanization, as a growing number of people moved to urban centres in search of employment.
Further, this interdependence of conditions creates a problem when one attempts to delineate them for the purpose of analysis in the classroom. To begin the process, a cloth merchant from the city needed enough money to travel into the countryside and purchase a load of wool from a sheep farm. This lesson will provide an overview of the changes that took place during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, the state of Southern Africa by 1860’s, and diamond mining in Kimberley from 1867 onwards, as required according to the CAPS Curriculum. Next, the wool was spun into thread using a spinning wheel and wound onto a bobbin. Children who lived on farms worked with the animals or in the fields planting seeds, pulling weeds and picking the ripe crop. Sir John Hawkins (1532-1595) from Plymouth, was the first Englishman to trade in Africans, making three voyages to Sierra Leone and taking 1,200 inhabitants to Hispaniola and St Domingue (present day Dominican Republic and Haiti) from 1562. The political power of the mining companies became so great that once the Kimberley area was annexed by Cape Colony in 1880, it took only a decade before diamond "baron" Cecil Rhodes was elected prime minister of Cape Colony. % of World’s Industrial Production Country 1870 1914 US 23.3 35 Germany 13.2 15.7 UK 31.8 14 ... An African-American by the name of Jan Mezinger made one that could sew the sole to the top of a shoe. Some left the colony. The first group of Indians arrived in the British colony of Natal in 1860. South Africa had an extremely valuable resource that attracted foreign capital and large-scale immigration. By 1889, the South African gold mines were controlled by 124 companies organized into nine "groups" based on their sources of financing.African migrant labour--were first established in the course of South Africa's industrial revolution. The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period in the 18th and 19th centuries when Britain was transformed from a predominantly agricultural nation into the manufacturing workshop of the world. However, the Natal colonial authorities were not initially aware that Zulu males regarded agricultural work as a female activity. Cecil Rhodes (left) and Alfred Beit Image source. In addition, black workers were forbidden by law from living wherever they wanted, and instead forced to stay in segregated neighbourhoods or mining compounds.

Over the next few years, South Africa yielded more diamonds than India had in over 2,000 years. Improvements in mining technology ensured that more coal could be extracted to power the factories and run railway trains and steamships. Thus, it only took a few years for De Beers to become the owner of virtually all South African diamond Mines. Couple more vidz. James Watt’s improvements to the steam engine, and his collaboration with Matthew Boulton on the creation of the rotating engine, were crucial for industrial production: machinery could now function much faster, with rotary movements and without human power. The story of diamonds in South Africa begins between December 1866 and February 1867 when 15-year-old Erasmus Jacobs found a transparent rock on his father’s farm, on the south bank of the Orange River. The human condition, he proposes, is in the hands of leaders from business, government, civil society and academia – and its future well-being depends on their timely adaptation … They received a low wage, and room and board in exchange for doing household chores. Sharyland High School » Faculty » Keith, David - Bio » World History Studies - Notes & Powerpoints . Due to the high costs and low returns the British were to withdraw from the area thanks to the Bloemfontein Convention. In this way, they ensured that men who had chosen previously to work in the mines on their own terms were now forced to do so on employers' terms. When the sugar industry was established in Natal the local Zulu labourers were recruited to work on the sugar plantations. Children performed a variety of tasks that were auxiliary to their parents but critical to the family economy. The most dramatic changes were witnessed in rural areas, where the provincial landscape often became urban and industrialized following advances in agriculture, industry and shipping. Wealth from the direct trade in slaves and from the plantations came back to Britain and was invested in buildings which stand today. The area soon attracted a large number of white fortune hunters. Coal became a key factor in the success of industrialization; it was used to produce the steam power on which industry depended. Rapid scientific, technological and commercial innovations, a rising population, improved transportation and expanding domestic and international markets provided the context for the development of thousands of mills, factories, mines and workshops.
Once they became fairly skilled in the trade they became journeymen. Therefore, future shipments of indentured labourers were highly successful. Children were sent to work in factories, where they were exploited and ill-treated; women experienced substantial changes in their lifestyle as they took jobs in domestic service and the textile industries, leaving the agricultural workforce and spending less time in the family home. Child labour during the Industrial Revolution Image source, Beginning of the Industrial Revolution in South Africa. These organizations generated the National Consumers’ League in 1899 and the National Child Labour Committee in 1904, which shared goals of challenging child labour, including through anti-sweatshop campaigns and labelling programs. evolved from ape-like ancestors in Africa to become a dominant, cultural species occupying almost every part of the globe.

Some individuals became very wealthy, but not everyone shared the same fate since some lived in horrible conditions. Children who worked in homes were apprentices, chimney sweeps, domestic servants, or assistants in the family business. Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Factories crated during the Industrial Revolution Changes that were brought on by the Industrial Revolution led to advances and technological innovations which caused growth in agricultural and industrial production, economic expansion and changes in living conditions, while at the same time there was a new sense of national identity and civic pride. Resources for top A1 candidates taking the 2020 Singapore-Cambridge GCE O Level exam.